II. Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer. (2 pts. each, 20 pts. total).
1. Nocturnally migrating birds typically migrate below ____ meters in altitude.
| a) 100
| b) 200
| c) 1000
|
| d) 2000
| e) 5000
|
2. The best type of call for maintaining contact with other members of a flock is a call that is ...
| a) faint, broad frequency range, low-pitched
| b) short, broad-frequency range
| c) loud, high-pitched, narrow frequency range
|
| d) faint, narrow frequency range, high-pitched
| e) long, narrow frequency range, low-pitched
|
3. Which of the following does not contribute to dominance status in birds?
| a) age
| b) sex
| c) body size
|
| d) hormones
| e) all contribute
|
4. The best hypothesis for explaining why clutch size increases with increasing latitude is the hypothesis.
| a) Lack's
| b) tradeoff
| c) seasonality
|
| d) predation
| e) competition
|
5. Which of the following log-log plots best describes the relationship of territory size (Y axis) to body size (X axis) in birds?
6. A stereotyped, species-specific behavior that is turned on by a specific stimulus is called a(n) ____.
| a) releaser
| b) sign stimulus
| c) imprinted behavior
|
| d) fixed action pattern
| e) learned behavior
|
7. Which of the following is not true of a typical cooperative breeding system in birds?
| a) involves breeding pair plus helpers
| b) defend an all-purpose territory
| c) helpers are genetically related to the breeding pair
|
| d) helpers are usually only females
| e) all are true
|
8. The type of migration where some of the population migrates while some is resident is _____ migration.
| a) partial
| b) differential
| c) irruptive
|
| d) Neotropical
| e) directional
|
9. The selective factor thought to be responsible for the evolution of migratory behavior is ____.
| a) to escaped cold climates
| b) to increase availability of food
| c) to enhance reproductive success
|
| d) to reduce mortality
| e) all of the above
|
10. Beginning incubation as soon as the first egg is laid results in _____.
| a) hatching synchrony
| b) hatching asynchrony
| c) precocial chicks
|
| d) altricial chicks
| e) predator swamping effects
|
III. Essay. (10 pts. each, 20 pts. total). Use the back of the page if necessary.
1. Define directional orientation and navigation as they pertain to bird migration. Describe the physical or environmental cues available to migrating birds allowing them to orient and navigate properly.
2. (a) Describe the costs and benefits of territoriality in birds.
(b) Because territoriality has costs and benefits, we can apply optimality theory to theoretically define an optimal territory size that maximizes benefits relative to costs. Plot (on the same graph) the relationship of: 1) costs and 2) benefits vs. territory size for birds and label the optimal territory size. On the same graph, illustrate what would happen to the plot (and to optimal territory size) if resources in an area became superabundant.
|