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Neurobiology, lecture on Regional Anatomy of the Brain
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text:
Principles of Neural Science
- Kandel, Schwartz and Jessell:
Read pages 341-379 for this lecture
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III. Cortical Lobes and Behavior back to I. Nervous Systems or Syllabus
A. Frontal Lobe
1. separated from the parietal lobe by the central
sulcus
a. from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus
2. 1o motor cortex (precentral gyrus) -
mediates voluntary movement
a. cortical regions more directly associated (ie.
reception [relayed from the thalamus] and initial processing) with
sensory or motor information are refered to as 1o (also
2o or 3o) sensory or motor areas
3. Prefrontal Association Cortex
a. outside 1o, 2o or 3o areas ® association areas
integrate diverse information for purposeful action
i. 3 major brain functions: perception,
movement, and motivation
ii. largest area of cortex in primates
b. this assoc. area is in the most rostral
(toward beak) part of the frontal lobe and is involved in planning
movement
B. Parietal Lobe
1. 1o somatic sensory cortex (postcentral
gyrus)
2. posterior parietal cortex (3o somatic
sensory cortex)
a. higher order (2o and 3o)
sensory and motor areas surround 1o areas
i. process complex aspects of single
sensory and/or motor function
(1) integrate information from 1o areas
or send complex information for motor acts
to 1o areas
(a) via association areas
b. this higher order region coordinates somatic
sensation and vision, + integrates aspects of
sensory perception with movement
i. 2o somatic sensory cortex is in the banks
of the lateral sulcus (parietal lobe side)
and in the insular cortex
C. Temporal Lobe
1. 1o auditory cortex: banks of the lateral sulcus
(temporal lobe side)
D. Occipital Lobe
1. most caudal
2. 1o visual cortex
3. parietal-temporal-occiptal association cortex: in the
interface between the 3 lobes
a. higher perceptual functions of somatic sensation,
hearing and vision (which are the main sensory
inputs to the p-t-o lobes)
E. other areas are subdivisions comparable to lobes
1. insular (island) cortex
a. medial wall of lateral sulcus
i. multimodal including olfactory
(olfactory cortex is tripartite)
(1) 2o somatic sensory cortex
2. Basal Ganglia
a. corpus striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen),
globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substiantia nigra
i. afferents from all cortical lobes;
efferents only to frontal (via thalamus)
to regulate movement & contribute to cognition
3. Limbic lobe or system
a. just medial to frontal, parietal and temporal
lobes: continuous band overlying brainstem and diencephalon
i. includes connections via basal ganglia,
thalamus and hypothalamus
b. learning, memory, endocrine control and
emotions
c. hippocampus
d. amygdala
e. limbic association cortex on medial surface of
frontal, parietal and temporal lobes (eg. parahippocampal gyrus and
cingulate gyrus)
i. coordinates motivation, emotion and memory
IV. Levels of Neural Organization
A. Behavior
1. results from complex interactions of neural systems
B. Systems and Pathways
1. all systems are interconnected
and therefore multiple inputs must be coordinated
C. Centers and Local Circuits
1. within systems centers for specific function are
interconnected by local circuits
D. Neuron
1. Each connection is a projection (axon) of one cell neuron
E. Microcircuits
1. neurons have multiple connections
a. diverse connections determine much of function
F. Synapse
1. the actual communication between cells
a. often accomplished by varying neurotransmitters
G. Genes
1. code for the enzymes, receptors and channels
that make communication possible
